Almost any human cell can be used to replicate a person via cloning, but care should be taken when matching DNA to an egg.

The replication of biological organisms, has been proven to work very effectively. This is commonly called cloning. In science fiction artificial humans are called replicants, cyborgs, or skin jobs, as distinct from synthetic humans, that are actually robots, or organic machines designed to look and act like humans.

Robotic science has not developed this far as yet when it comes to humanoid form. But cloning technology is a fact of life. Though illegal at the present time. Driving much of the research underground.

In order to be able to duplicate a subject, their DNA is needed. If the DNA is is good condition, i.e., the Genome is complete, replication is a relatively simple matter in the right laboratory conditions.

With the possible exception of identical twins, each person's DNA is unique. This is why people can be identified using DNA fingerprinting. DNA can be cut up and separated, which can form a 'bar code' that is different from one person to the next.

In the future, people might be reincarnated, using technology that exists today that is illegal, in a time when populations are threatened, or other reasons for making such resurrection from storage useful - or legal.

It would then be possible to live forever, a kind of afterlife, dreamed of by Ancient Egyptians, Christians (going to heaven or hell) and many other religions. For this reason, and such as not to dilute the religious beliefs of Catholics and other religions based on Jesus Christ, and the Lord Almighty, the Church are very interested in keeping the whereabouts of Cleopatra a secret.

Today, wealthy people store their bodies cryogenically for many reasons. Sperm and Eggs are also stored cryogenically. Most of the clients of such services, tend to overlook, or otherwise interpret their religious beliefs differently.

In fiction, John Storm is an amateur anthropologist who has amassed a huge collection of Human and other DNA, so creating a digital Ark, where it would be possible to re-create the life of earth, on other planets with suitable atmospheric and other life support.

CLONING TECHNIQUE

Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things. Genes, cells, tissues, and even whole animals can all be cloned.

Some clones already exist in nature. Single-celled organisms like bacteria make exact copies of themselves each time they reproduce. In humans, identical twins are similar to clones. They share almost the exact same genes. Identical twins are created when a fertilized egg splits in two.

Scientists also make clones in the lab. They often clone genes in order to study and better understand them. To clone a gene, researchers take DNA from a living creature and insert it into a carrier like bacteria or yeast. Every time that carrier reproduces, a new copy of the gene is made.

Animals are cloned in one of two ways. The first is called embryo twinning. Scientists first split an embryo in half. Those two halves are then placed in a mother’s uterus. Each part of the embryo develops into a unique animal, and the two animals share the same genes. The second method is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. Somatic cells are all the cells that make up an organism, but that are not sperm or egg cells. Sperm and egg cells contain only one set of chromosomes, and when they join during fertilization, the mother’s chromosomes merge with the father’s.

Somatic cells, on the other hand, already contain two full sets of chromosomes. To make a clone, scientists transfer the DNA from an animal’s somatic cell into an egg cell that has had its nucleus and DNA removed. The egg develops into an embryo that contains the same genes as the cell donor. Then the embryo is implanted into an adult female’s uterus to grow. Unless, you have one of Franco Francisco's artificial wombs.

One can imagine the outcry by women's rights campaigners, imagining themselves as redundant mothers. On the other hand, career women who cannot take time off to have a child, might like the idea. Don't worry ladies, nothing can replace the love and care of a real mother, whether adopting, or giving birth to your own family members.

If you are going to clone a human, you might as well copy someone exceptional. This is a picture of Snuppy, the Afghan hound who was successfully cloned to produce three healthy pups.

DOLLY

In 1996, Scottish scientists cloned the first animal, a sheep they named Dolly. She was cloned using an udder cell taken from an adult sheep. Since then, scientists have cloned cows, cats, deer, horses, and rabbits. They still have not cloned a human, though. In part, this is because it is difficult to produce a viable clone. In each attempt, there can be genetic mistakes that prevent the clone from surviving. It took scientists 276 attempts to get Dolly right. There are also ethical concerns about cloning a human being.

Researchers can use clones in many ways. An embryo made by cloning can be turned into a stem cell factory. Stem cells are an early form of cells that can grow into many different types of cells and tissues. Scientists can turn them into nerve cells to fix a damaged spinal cord or insulin-making cells to treat diabetes.

The cloning of animals has been used in a number of different applications. Animals have been cloned to have gene mutations that help scientists study diseases that develop in the animals. Livestock like cows and pigs have been cloned to produce more milk or meat. Clones can even “resurrect” a beloved pet that has died. In 2001, a cat named CC was the first pet to be created through cloning. Cloning might one day bring back extinct species like the woolly mammoth, giant panda, or even the dinosaurs - as seen in Jurassic Park.

APRIL 2005 - Snuppy, the first successfully cloned Afghan hound, sits with his generic father at the Seoul National University on August 3, 2005 in Seoul, South Korea. The dog joined the list of cloned animals as South Korean scientists, led by stem cell researcher Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk, announced that they have created the first cloned dog from an Afghan hound in the world. 

SNUPPY

In April 2005, a dog named Snuppy was successfully cloned by Korean scientists. The male Afghan Hound named Snuppy, was born on April 24; scientists created him using a cell from the ear of an adult Afghan Hound and the procedure involved 123 surrogate mothers, of which only three produced pups and of the three puppies only Snuppy survived.

Snuppy was named as Time Magazine‘s “Most Amazing Invention” of the year in 2005. According to Wikipedia, The Kennel Club criticized the entire concept of dog cloning, on the grounds that their mission is: “To promote in every way the general improvement of dogs” and no improvement can occur if replicas are being created.

That is not true of course. With modern gene manipulation, 'improvements' can be engineered (genetically modified) and deliberate, rather than haphazard, as with natural selection. Thus, taking much of the guesswork and random haziness out of the equation.

HUMAN CLONES

Human cloning is inevitable. It has already taken place conceptually.

We are not talking about the “artificial twinning” experiments performed in 1993 at the Washington University Medical Center. Although newspapers were quick to trumpet this as human cloning, it was soon revealed that in reality this was a relatively primitive procedure in which an already-fertilized egg was split into two fertilized eggs. A nice party trick, but Mother Nature already does it thousand of times a day when she creates twins, triplets, etc. Further proof that the concept of cloning is sound.

The real cloning took place two years later, in 1995, although it wasn’t revealed until mid-November 1998. Unbelievably, only a few small newspaper stories weakly revealed one of the most important biotechnology developments of all time. In fact, it’s probably one of the most important developments in the history of science and technology.

Working under the auspices of the private company Advanced Cell Technology, and using the facilities of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, scientists James Robl and Jose Cibelli created a human clone. They took cells from Cibelli’s leg and cheek, put them alongside a cow’s ovum with the genetic material stripped out, and added a jolt of electricity.

One of Cibelli’s cells fused with the cow’s ovum, which acted as though it had been fertilized, and the cells began dividing. This is the same process used to create Dolly, the cloned sheep from Scotland, only this was done before Dolly was created.

A small story in the Boston Globe reported the following about this achievement:

The experiments were privately funded, and therefore aren’t bound by government regulations on embryo research....
The researchers fused a human skin cell with a cow egg stripped of its nucleus because that avoided using a scarce human egg to nurture the genetic program of the new embryo, they said.

So what happened to the clone?

The scientists destroyed it when it reached the 32-cell stage. In other words, the zygote had already gone through five divisions and was on its way to becoming a human being. Scientists aren’t completely certain what would’ve happened if the zygote had been allowed to develop in a womb or in vitro, since such a thing has never been attempted (as far as we know), but Dr. Patrick Dixon had an educated guess:

If the clone had been allowed to continue beyond implantation it would have developed as Dr. Cibelli’s identical twin. Technically 1% of the human clone genes would have belonged to the cow - the mitochondria genes.

Mitochondria are power generators in the cytoplasm of the cell. They grow and divide inside cells and are passed on from one generation to another. They are present in sperm and eggs.

Judging by the successful growth of the combined human-cow clone creation, it appears that cow mitochondria may well be compatible with human embryonic development.

NEW SCIENTIST 26 DECEMBER 2002

The world’s first cloned baby was born on 26 December, claims the Bahamas-based cloning company Clonaid. But there has been no independent confirmation of the claim.

The girl, named Eve by the cloning team, was said to have been born by Caesarean section at 1155 EST. The birth at an undisclosed location went “very well”, said Brigitte Boisselier, president of Clonaid. The company was formed in 1997 by the Raelian cult, which believes people are clones of aliens.

“The baby is very healthy. She is doing fine,” Roisselier told a press conference in Hollywood, Florida, on Friday. The seven-pound baby is a clone of a 31-year-old American woman, whose partner is infertile, she said.

Proving that the baby is a clone of another person would be possible by showing that their DNA is identical. Genetic tests on the baby and “mother” will now be carried out and the results will be available “in eight or nine days”, Boisselier said.

She told reporters: “You can still go back to your office and treat me as a fraud. You have one week to do that.” Boisselier added that Michael Guillen, science editor at ABC News and a former Harvard University mathematician, will carry out the genetic tests.

Necessary expertise

Many scientists are sceptical of Boisselier’s claim. Alan Trounson of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, says he does not believe the group has the necessary expertise to clone a person. “And nearly everything they have said in the past has never been confirmed by scientific investigation,” he told the Sydney Morning Herald.

Maverick fertility scientist Severino Antinori, who claimed earlier in December that the first cloned baby would be born in January 2003, is also critical. “An announcement of this type has no scientific corroboration and risks creating confusion,” he said. “We keep up our scientific work without making announcements. I don’t take part in this … race.”

Opponents of human cloning point to the high rate of miscarriages of cloned animal fetuses, and the high rate of defects in live births. Boisselier has claimed that the large number of female cult members willing to act as surrogate mothers increased their chances of success.

“Irresponsible and repugnant”

Attempting to clone humans is “irresponsible and repugnant and ignores the overwhelming scientific evidence from seven mammalian species cloned so far,” Rudolph Jaenisch, a cloning expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology told New Scientist previously.

In May, US-based fertility scientist Panos Zavos told the US Congress that five groups of scientists were rushing to be the first to produce the first cloned human baby.

Reproductive cloning – creating a baby rather than a cloned early embryo – is illegal in many countries. But in November, talks on a global ban were suspended, following a series of deadlocked United Nations meetings.

DO CLONED HUMANS THINK THE SAME AS THE ORIGINAL?

The simple fact of replicating the biological host of a human, does not re-create the person providing the DNA. For that to happen, additional technology is needed. This is the technology that Baron Heinrich Richthofen and his team are developing, in the quest to fuse royal Egyptian and Aryan blood, to produce a queen that thinks like Cleopatra, from which sons and daughters may flow.

In the Hollywood movie: The Boys From Brazil, Neo-Nazis attempt to clone Adolf Hitler, and provide the replicants with a similar up-bringing, in the hope the duplicated human boys will grow up to be like the German dictator.

From our point of view, though the concept might work given an infinite number of variables and unlimited time, there is a more positive method of re-creating an exact copy of a subject's brain. Which would otherwise develop according to the environment it encounters when maturing, from the time it is brought back to life. The Frankenstein films focus on this aspect, when the Baron Victor, uses a damaged brain, leading to unstable results - fiction though it may be, they had a point.

Pets that are cloned would not recognize their masters, they would have to be re-trained. It would not matter for other animals, such as dinosaurs, except that they would be biologically programmed for life in the Jurassic period. Hence, might not survive, or might be more prolific, such as might be the case with seven billion humans as a vast food resource. Anyone would have to be nuts to even consider cloning dinosaurs, like the fictional Dr. John Hammond. All the franchised 'Jurassic' films tell us the same thing. Don't do it! Far less dangerous is the cloning of his supposed granddaughter, Maisie - from his deceased daughter - by Sir Benjamin Lockwood, in the 2018 film Jurassic World - Fallen Kingdom. All fiction of course. But, entertaining fiction, based on cloning.

The cloning method Baron Richthofen and his team prefer, stands a very good chance of success - and is far more sane than replicating dinosaurs. If the plan to clone a long- lost Pharaoh can ever be viewed as anything but research far removed from a sound scientific experiment. For most of us. Ignoring for now theology and mythology.

But who can understand the workings of an obsessed mind. Provided the Baron's team can find the near intact DNA of an Egyptian pharaoh, as the starting point, he is intent on giving it a go. Only John Storm and the crew of the Elizabeth Swann, might prevent something unholy taking place. In a world besieged by corruption and aggressive inhumanity to our fellow man, does it matter? John Storm believes in the natural world, and not interfering with nature, unless absolutely unavoidable. Exceptions being for the advancement of medicines to cure (at present) incurable diseases. Or, for the alleviation of suffering.

REFERENCE

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/eve-first-human-clone/

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3217-first-cloned-baby-born-on-26-december/

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